Health Library A to Z

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• Breastfeeding: Getting Started
The first weeks of breastfeeding should be considered a learning period for both you and your baby. Here's what you need to know.

• Gastroesophageal Reflux in Children
Gastroesophageal reflux is a digestive disorder. With this condition, acidic stomach juices, food, and fluids flow back up into your child’s esophagus. Read on to learn about causes, symptoms, and treatment.

• Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) in Children and Teens
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a mental health problem. A child with GAD has a lot of worry and fear that seems to have no real cause.

• Genetic Disorders Associated with Congenital Heart Disease
Detailed information on congenital heart disease, including patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, atrioventricular canal, tricuspid atresia, pulmonary atresia, transposition of the great arteries, tetralogy of Fallot, double outlet right ventricle, truncus arteriosus, coarctation of the aorta, aortic stenosis, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome

• GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) in Children
GERD, or gastroesophageal reflux disease, is a long-term (chronic) digestive disorder. It happens when stomach contents flow back up (reflux) into the food pipe (esophagus).

• Germ Cell Tumors (GCTs) in Children
Germ cells form as a baby grows in the womb. The cells usually form the eggs (ova) in females and the sperm in males. Germ cell tumors are made up of these underdeveloped cells. The tumors may be cancer (malignant) or not cancer (benign).

• Glasses Can Help Even Young Children
Healthcare providers who specialize in children's eye care say children usually become nearsighted or farsighted between ages 6 and 12. But even infants can wear glasses if they need help to see well.

• Glomerulonephritis in Children
Glomerulonephritis is a type of kidney disease that makes it hard for the kidneys to filter blood from urine.

• Graves Disease in a Newborn (Neonatal Graves Disease)
Graves disease is an autoimmune disease. The immune system normally protects the body from germs with chemicals called antibodies. But with an autoimmune disease, it makes antibodies that attack the body’s own tissues. With Graves disease, antibodies cause the thyroid gland to make too much thyroid hormone. This is known as hyperthyroidism. Extra thyroid hormone in the bloodstream leads to the body's metabolism being too active.

• Grief and Bereavement
The process of grieving is often long and painful for parents, siblings, relatives, friends, peers, teachers, neighbors, and anyone that understands the loss of a child.

• Group B Streptococcus Infection in Babies
Group B streptococcus (strep) is a type of bacteria. It can be found in the digestive tract, urinary tract, and genital area of adults. About 1 in 4 pregnant women carry GBS in their rectum or vagina. During pregnancy, the mother can pass the infection to the baby. The fetus can get GBS during pregnancy. Newborns can get it from the mother's genital tract during delivery.

• Growth Hormone Deficiency in Children
Growth hormone (GH) deficiency is when the pituitary gland doesn't make enough growth hormone. GH is needed to stimulate growth of bone and other tissues. This condition can occur at any age. GH deficiency does not affect a child's intelligence.

• Growth in Children
Detailed information on growth in children, including normal growth, newborn screening tests, growth problems, growth hormone deficiency, and achondroplasia

• Growth Problems in Children
A growth problem means that a child falls either below or above the average range of growth for a child's age, sex, family history, or racial background.

• Growth-Related Disorders
Detailed information on the most common growth-related disorders in children

• Guillain-Barré Syndrome in Children
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a short-term but often life-threatening disorder that affects the nerves in the body. GBS can cause muscle weakness, pain, and short-term (temporary) paralysis of the facial, chest, and leg muscles.

• Gynecological and Menstrual Conditions
Detailed information on the most common gynecological and menstrual conditions that affect adolescents

• Gynecological Health
Detailed information on gynecological health of a child

• Gynecological Infections
Detailed information on gynecological problems in a child

• Hemifacial Microsomia (HFM) in Children
Hemifacial microsomia (HFM) is a congenital disorder. This means that your child is born with it. In this condition, one side of your baby’s face is underdeveloped (hemi means half). HFM usually only affects one side of the face. Sometimes both sides may be affected.

• How to Bathe Your Baby
As a new parent, you may find "tub time" a bit scary. Here are some suggestions on how to make it less stressful.

• Medical Genetics: How Genetic Testing Is Used
Genetic testing can help find diseases that run in a family or don't yet have symptoms.

• Newborn Babies: Getting Ready at Home
Newborns need just some basic items at first. These include a warm and safe place to sleep, food, clothing, and diapers. Here's a helpful guide to the essentials.

• Normal Growth
A child's growth not only involves the length and weight of his or her body, but also internal growth and development.

• Periodontal Disease in Children
Periodontal disease is a serious bacterial infection. It destroys the gums and the nearby tissues of the mouth.

• Planning to Be Away from Your Baby: Introducing a Bottle
You’ve been breastfeeding your baby up until now—but it’s time to return to work. You haven’t given them a bottle with breast milk yet. When should you make the change? Here are tips to make a successful transition from breast to bottle.

• Preparing the Infant for Surgery
It's important to keep your baby's routine the same before the day of surgery. Make sure you, your baby, and your family are well rested.

• Rubella in Children
Rubella is a viral illness that causes a mild fever and a skin rash. It is also called German measles, but is not caused by the same virus that causes measles (rubeola).

• The Growing Child- Teenager (13 to 18 Years)
The teen years are a time of growth spurts, puberty changes, and emotional and social development. Here's what you need to know.

• The Growing Child: 1 to 3 Months
A helpful look at common developmental milestones in young babies.

• The Growing Child: 10 to 12 Months
Read on to learn about the common developmental milestones for babies ages 10 to 12 months.

• The Growing Child: 1-Year-Olds
Your child is a toddler now and very active! They can climb stairs while holding on and play with push and pull toys.

• The Growing Child: 2-Year-Olds
Read on to learn details about common physical, speech, and other developmental milestones your child may reach at this age.

• The Growing Child: 3-Year-Olds
Most 3-year-olds have lost the rounded tummy of a toddler. Your child can use a spoon well and can wash and dry their hands.

• The Growing Child: 4 to 6 Months
This age is very social, and babies begin moving in much more purposeful ways.

• The Growing Child: 7 to 9 Months
Read on to learn about common physical, speech, and other developmental milestones to expect when your baby is this age.

• The Growing Child: Newborn
A helpful look at what to expect with your newborn—from your baby's growth and reflexes to crying and emotional development.

• The Growing Child: Preschool (4 to 5 Years)
Children at this age start to understand concepts and can compare abstract ideas. Read on to learn what to expect.